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Essay on A Quantum Computer... A Future Technology
| Date: |
11-19-00 9:45pm |
| Subject: |
Technology |
| Word Count: |
1289 |
| Page Count: |
5.16 |
A Quantum Computer... A Future Technology
A
Quantum Computer... A Future Technology
By the strange laws of quantum mechanics,
Folger, a senior editor at Discover, notes, an electron, proton, or other
subatomic particle is "in more than one place at a time," because individual
particles behave like waves, these different places are different states
that an atom can exist in simultaneously. Ten years ago, Folger writes,
David Deutsch, a physicist at Oxford University, argued that it may be
possible to build an extremely
powerful computer based on this peculiar
reality. In 1994, Peter Shor, a mathematician at AT&T Bell Laboratories
in New Jersey, proved that, in theory at least, a full-blown quantum computer
could factor even the largest numbers in seconds--an accomplishment impossible
for even the fastest conventional computer.
An outbreak of theories and
discussions of the possiblity of buildig a quantum computer now permeates
itself thoughtout the quantum fields of technology and research.
It's roots can be traced back to 1981, when Richard Feynman noted that
physicists always seem to run into computational problems when they try
to simulate a system in which quantum mechanics would take place.
The caluclations involving the behavior of atoms, electrons, or photons,
require an immense amount of time on today's computers. In 1985 in
Oxford England the first description of how a quantum computer might work
surfaced with David Deutsch's theories. The new device would not
only be able to surpass today's computers in speed, but also could perform
some logical operations that conventional ones couldn't.
This reasearch began looking into
actually constructing a device and with the go ahead and additional funding
of AT&T Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey a new member of
the team was added. Peter Shor made the discovery that quantum computation
can greatly speed factoring of whole numbers. It's more than just
a step in micro-computing technology, it could offer insights into real
world applications such as cryptography. "There is a hope at the
end of the tunnel that quantum computers may one day become a reality,"
says Gilles Brassard of University of Montreal.
Quantum Mechanics give an unexpected
clarity in the description of the behavior of atoms, electrons, and photons
on the microscopic levels. Although this information isn't applicable
in everday household uses it does certainly apply to every interaction
of matter that we can see, the real benefits of this knowledge are just
beginning to show themselves. In our computers, circut boards are
designed so that a 1 or a 0 is represented by differering amounts of electriciy,
the outcome of one possiblity has no effect on the other. However,
a problem arises when quantum theories are introduced, the outcomes come
from a single piece of hardware existing in two seperate realities and
these realites overlap one another affecting both outcomes at once.
These problems can become one of the greatest strengths
of the new computer however, if it is
possible to program the outcomes in such a way so that undesirable effects
cancel themselves out while the positive ones reinforce each other.
This quantum system must be able to program the equation into it, verify
it's computation, and extract the results.
Several possible systems have been
looked at by researchers, one of which involves using electrons, atoms,
or ions trapped inside of magnetic fields, intersecting lasers would then
be used to excite the confined particles to the right wavelength and a
second time to restore the particles to their ground state. A sequence
of pulses could be used to array the particles into a pattern usuable in
our system of equations. Another possibility by Seth Lloyd of MIT
proposed using organic-metallic polymers (one dimensional molecules made
of repeating atoms). The energy states of a given atom would be determined
by it's interation with neighboring atoms in the chain. Laser pulses
could be used to send signals down the polymer chain and the two ends would
create two unique energy states. A third
proposal was to replace the organic molecules
with crystals in which information would be stored in the crystals in specific
frequencies that could be processed with addtional pulses.
The atomic nuclei, spining in either
of two states (clockwise or counterclockwise) could be programmed with
a tip of a atomic microscope, either "reading" it's surface or altering
it, which of course would be "writing" part of information storage.
"Repetitive motions of the tip, you could eventually write out any desired
logic circut, " DiVincenzo said. This power comes at a price however,
in that these states would have to remain completely isolated from everything,
including a stray photon. These outside influences would accumulate,
causing the system to wander off track and it could even turn around and
end up going backward causing frequent mistakes.
To keep this from forming new theories
have arisen to overcome this. One way is to keep the computations
relatively short to reduce chances of error, another would be to restore
redundent copies of the info on seperate machines and take the average
(mode) of the answers. This would undoubtedly give up any advantages
to the quantum computer, and so AT&T Bell Laboratories have invented
an error corrction method in which the quantum bit of data would be encoded
in one of nine quantum bits. If one of the nine were lost it would
then be possible to recover the data from what information did get through.
This would be the protected position that the quantum state would enter
before being transmitted. Also since the states of the atoms exist
in two states, if one were to be corrupted the state of the atom could
be determined simply by observing the opposite end of the atom since each
side contains the exact opposite polarity.
The gates that would transmit the
information is what is mainly focused on by reasearchers today, this single
quantum logic gate and it's arrangement of components to perform a particular
operation. One such gate could control the switch from a 1 to a 0
and back, while another could take two bits and make the result 0 if both
are the same, 1 if different. These gates would be rows of ions held
in a magnetic trap or single atoms passing through microwave cavities.
This single gate could be constructed within the next year or two yet a
logical computer must have the millions of gates to become practical.
Tycho Sleator of NYU and Harald Weinfurter
of UIA look at the quantum logic gates as simple steps towards making a
quantum logic network. These networks would be but rows of gates
interacting with each other. Laser beams shining on ions cause a
transition from one quantum state to another which can alter the type of
collective motion possible in the array and so a specific frequencies of
light could be used to control the
interactions between the ions. One
name given to these arrays has been named "quantum-dot arrays" in
that the individual electrons would be confined to the quantum-dot structures,
encodeing information to perform mathmatical operations from simple addition
to the factoring of those whole numbers.
The "quantum-dot" stuctures would
be built upon advances in the making of microscopic semiconductor boxes,
whose walls keep the electrons confined to the small region of material,
another way to control the way
information is processed. Craig
Lent, the main researcher of the project, base this on a unit consisting
of five quantum dots, one in the center and four and at the ends of a square,
electrons would be tunneled between any of the two sites. Stringing
these together would create the logic circuts that the new quantum computer
would require. The distance would be sufficient to create "binary
wires" made of rows of these units, flipping the state at one
end causing a chain reaction to flip all
the units states down along the wire, much like today's dominoes transmit
inertia.
Speculation on the impact of such
technology has been debated and dreadmed about for years. In the
arguing points, the point that it's potential harm could be that the computational
speed would be able to thwart any attempts at security, especially the
now NSA's data encryption standard would be useless as the algorithm would
be a trival problem to such a machine. On the latter part, this dreamed
reality first appeared in the
TV show Quantum Leap, where this technology
becomes readily apparent when Ziggy --the parallel hybrid computer that
he has designed and programmed-- is mentioned, the capabilities of a quantum
computer mirror that of the show's hybrid computer.
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